Partneritetet Publike-Private kan\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb fjalorin e politikave publike n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri si nj\u00eb zgjidhje p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar investimet infrastrukturore pa rritur menj\u00ebher\u00eb borxhin shtet\u00ebror. N\u00eb teori, ky mekaniz\u00ebm synon t\u00eb sjell\u00eb kapital privat, eficienc\u00eb dhe teknologji t\u00eb avancuar n\u00eb projekte q\u00eb ndryshe do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin dekada financime publike. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, fotografia \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar. P\u00ebrvoja shqiptare e pasqyruar gjer\u00ebsisht edhe nga raportet e FMN-s\u00eb, Bank\u00ebs Bot\u00ebrore dhe organizatave t\u00eb pavarura tregon se PPP-t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm financiar, por edhe nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm ekonomiko-politik q\u00eb, n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb transparenc\u00ebs dhe kontrollit t\u00eb fort\u00eb, mund t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb kanal p\u00ebr korrupsion, klienteliz\u00ebm dhe kapje t\u00eb institucioneve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nj\u00eb nga problemet m\u00eb t\u00eb theksuara \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra e klasifikimit fiskal t\u00eb PPP-ve. N\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri, disa marr\u00ebveshje regjistrohen si investime private, disa si borxh i shtetit (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb pagesat e disponueshm\u00ebris\u00eb), nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mbetet jasht\u00eb bilancit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
FMN ka evidentuar se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e madhe e detyrimeve publike, nd\u00ebr k\u00ebto edhe detyrimet PPP, nuk p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb bilancet zyrtare, duke krijuar nj\u00eb boshll\u00ebk midis borxhit real dhe atij t\u00eb raportuar. Vet\u00ebm sipas nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsimi t\u00eb FMN-s\u00eb, detyrimet nga PPP-t\u00eb llogariten rreth 7% t\u00eb PBB-s\u00eb, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb asetet publike t\u00eb paregjistruara arrijn\u00eb rreth 83% t\u00eb PBB-s\u00eb, duke d\u00ebmtuar ndjesh\u00ebm transparenc\u00ebn fiskale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shqip\u00ebria \u00ebsht\u00eb vler\u00ebsuar nga institucionet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr vendet me pesh\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb relative t\u00eb PPP-ve krahasuar me PBB-n\u00eb n\u00eb rajonin e Ballkanit Per\u00ebndimor. Vler\u00ebsimet e viteve t\u00eb fundit tregojn\u00eb se kontratat PPP n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri kan\u00eb pasur nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb akumuluar q\u00eb arrin deri n\u00eb 36% t\u00eb PBB-s\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb program shtes\u00eb prej 7% t\u00eb PBB-s\u00eb ishte parashikuar p\u00ebrmes nismave t\u00eb reja PPP. N\u00eb kontrast, vendet e tjera t\u00eb Ballkanit Per\u00ebndimor sipas FMN-s\u00eb kryejn\u00eb investime reale vjetore n\u00eb PPP n\u00eb nivelin e vet\u00ebm 0.5% t\u00eb PBB-s\u00eb. Ky kontrast tregon nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtim t\u00eb madh midis ambicies shqiptare dhe praktik\u00ebs rajonale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ky pozicionim i Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb ka pasoja dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse: sa m\u00eb e lart\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb pesha e PPP-ve ndaj PBB-s\u00eb, aq m\u00eb i lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rreziku i kontingjencave fiskale detyrime t\u00eb fshehura ose t\u00eb vonuara q\u00eb shteti duhet t\u2019i p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. N\u00ebse k\u00ebto detyrime nuk dokumentohen qart\u00eb, borxhi publik real \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb sesa ai i deklaruar, duke kufizuar hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn p\u00ebr politika sociale, investime publike dhe menaxhim t\u00eb krizave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Transparenca mbetet nj\u00eb problem kritik. Mekanizmat e tenderimit t\u00eb mbyllur, negociatat me klauzola konfidenciale dhe mungesa e auditimit t\u00eb pavarur krijojn\u00eb hap\u00ebsira p\u00ebr p\u00ebrqendrimin e p\u00ebrfitimeve n\u00eb duart e nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb kufizuar aktor\u00ebsh. N\u00eb disa raste, vendimmarrjet p\u00ebr PPP jan\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrmes procedurave t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuara, pa analiza t\u00eb plota t\u00ebvler\u00ebs p\u00ebr para (Value for Money) nj\u00eb standard thelb\u00ebsor n\u00ebvendet e BE-s\u00eb. Kur ky proces shoq\u00ebrohet me presion politik p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar projekte t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, krijohet nj\u00eb ambient ku interesat private mund t\u00eb kapin funksione ky\u00e7e t\u00eb shtetit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sektori energjetik \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb ekspozuarit. Projekte t\u00eb shumta n\u00eb hidroenergji jan\u00eb realizuar p\u00ebrmes skemave t\u00eb koncesioneve dhe PPP-ve, ku shteti \u00ebsht\u00eb angazhuar me kontrata afatgjata q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb pagesa t\u00eb garantuara, klauzola penalitetesh dhe risk t\u00eb lart\u00eb financiar. Pagesat e disponueshm\u00ebris\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, p\u00ebrkthehen n\u00eb barr\u00eb t\u00ebdrejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb mbi buxhet, duke ulur fleksibilitetin e financavepublike p\u00ebr dekada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00ebse e shohim k\u00ebt\u00eb dinamik\u00eb n\u00eb raport me fqinj\u00ebt, tabloja \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe m\u00eb e qart\u00eb: nd\u00ebrsa vende t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb Ballkanit Per\u00ebndimor p\u00ebrdorin PPP-t\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb matur duke fokusuar investimet n\u00eb projekte t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb transportit oseenergjis\u00eb Shqip\u00ebria ka nj\u00eb portofol shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larmish\u00ebm, por edhe m\u00eb pak transparent. Risku q\u00eb detyrimet e k\u00ebtyre kontratave t\u00eb materializohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb beft\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit dhe t\u00eb monitorimit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr problem i mpreht\u00eb lidhet me kapacitetet institucionale. Kontratat PPP jan\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara, kan\u00eb dimensione juridike, teknike dhe financiare q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb ekspertiz\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. FMN ka rekomanduar disa her\u00eb q\u00eb autoritetet shqiptare t\u00eb forcojn\u00eb kapacitetet p\u00ebr negociimin dhe monitorimin e PPP-ve duke theksuar se dob\u00ebsia e institucioneve publike rrit avantazhin e partnerit privat, dhe rrit kostot p\u00ebr shtetin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb integrimit me Bashkimin Evropian, Shqip\u00ebria duhet t\u00eb konsolidoj\u00eb qasjen e saj ndaj PPP-ve: t\u00eb harmonizoj\u00eb metodologjit\u00eb e raportimit me standardet e ESA 2010; t\u00eb publikoj\u00eb kontratat n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb transparente; dhe t\u00eb garantoj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7do marr\u00ebveshje t\u00eb shoq\u00ebrohet me vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb riskut fiskal. P\u00ebrndryshe, PPP-t\u00eb rrezikojn\u00eb t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb instrument financiar q\u00eb d\u00ebmton stabilitetin afatgjat\u00eb t\u00eb financave publike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PPP-t\u00eb kan\u00eb potencial t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb kapital dhe ekspertiz\u00eb private n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb; megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb ky potencial shoq\u00ebrohet me rreziqe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha fiskale, institucionale dhe politike. Pa transparenc\u00eb, pa raportim t\u00eb unifikuar dhe pa mekanizma t\u00eb fort\u00eb kontrolli, PPP-t\u00eb rrezikojn\u00eb t\u00eb kthehen n\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm q\u00eb ushqen korrupsionin dhe p\u00ebrqendrimin e p\u00ebrfitimeve duke c\u00ebnuar interesin publik dhe stabilitetin ekonomik t\u00eb vendit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nj\u00eb element shtes\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb dinamika midis rreziqeve t\u00eb ndara dhe atyre t\u00eb transferuara. N\u00eb teori, PPP-t\u00eb synojn\u00eb q\u00eb risqet t\u00eb ndahen aty ku secila pal\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e aft\u00eb t\u2019i menaxhoj\u00eb. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, n\u00eb shum\u00eb kontrata n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri rreziku operacional dhe ai i k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs mbeten te shteti. Kjo n\u00ebnkupton q\u00eb edhe n\u00ebse projekti nuk arrin performanc\u00ebn e pritshme, pagesat p\u00ebr kompanin\u00eb private mbeten t\u00eb garantuara. Sipas analizave t\u00eb FMN, strukturat e tilla krijojn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb quhet rrezik i fshehur fiskal, pra detyrime t\u00eb cilat nuk shfaqen menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb bilanc, por q\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehen n\u00eb pagesa t\u00eb sigurta p\u00ebr dekada. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u00ebr nj\u00eb ekonomi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, k\u00ebto kontrata mund t\u00eb kufizojn\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn p\u00ebr investime strategjike n\u00eb sektor\u00eb t\u00ebtjer\u00eb si arsimi ose sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsia. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse institucionet nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare insistojn\u00eb q\u00eb vler\u00ebsimet para n\u00ebnshkrimit t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb plota, ku p\u00ebrfshihet analiza e vler\u00ebs p\u00ebrpara, testet e konkurrenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tregut dhe skenar\u00ebt alternativ\u00eb t\u00eb kostos p\u00ebr shtetin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n